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形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级
一、分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。
原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
二、规则变化:
(1)单音节和部分双音节形容词和副词,在原级的后面加上er, est构成比较级和最高级。
a)直接加er, est :
b)以重读闭音节结尾的,要双写最后一个辅音字母,后加er, est:
c)以辅音字母+y结尾的,先把y改为i再加上er, est:
(2)两个音节或两个以上的音节的,在原级前加more / most.
三、不规则变化:
四、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法:
(1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。
基本句型是:
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 + (very/too/so/quite/rather…) + 形容词/副词原级 +….
如:He is very old now.(他现在很老了)
They ran quite fast.(它们跑得相当快)
The weather looks rather bad.(天气看上去相当糟)
I am so happy!(我是如此的快乐)
☆表示两者之间没有差别时,使用句型:
主语 (第一个人物) + 谓语动词 + as + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物 +….
如:He is as excited as his younger sister.(他和他妹妹一样兴奋)
Lily rode her bike as slowly as an old lady.(莉莉骑车像老太太一样慢)
They picked as many apples as the farmers (did).(他们摘的苹果和农民一样多)
☆表示第一个人比不上第二个人时,使用句型:
主语(第一个人物) + 谓语动词(否定式) + as / so + 形容词/副词原级 + as + 第二个人物+….
如:He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他没他妹妹那么兴奋)
Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉骑车不像老太太那样慢)
They didn’t pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他们摘的苹果不如农民多)
(2) 讲述两者有差异,第一个人物超过第二个人物时,用比较级。
基本句型:
主语(‘A’)+谓语动词+(much/a little/even/still)+形容词/副词比较级+than+第二个人物(‘B’)+….
如:A modern train is much faster than a car.(现代的火车比轿车快多了)
This book didn’t cost me more than that one.(这本书花费我的钱不比那本多)
☆表示两者有差异,第一个人物不及第二个人物时,用比较级。句型是:
主语(‘A’) + 谓语动词 + less+ (多音节形/副)比较级 + than + 第二个人物(‘B’) +….
如:I think English is less difficult than maths.(我认为英语不比数学难)
Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你认为学外语不那么重要吗?)
(3)讲述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一个时,用最高级。
句型是:
主语(sb./sth) + 谓语动词 +(the) +形容词/副词最高级 +in / of ….
如:The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(长江是中国最长的河流) / He jumped (the) highest of the three (boys).(三个男生中他跳得最高)
五、关于比较等级的重要注释:
1、以上六个句型中,如果动词是及物或不及物动词,则后面用副词;如果后面是连系动词,则后面用形容词。
如:This car is the fastest of the four.(形容词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中最快的)
This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副词)(这辆汽车是四辆之中跑得最快的)
2、“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”。
如:The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越来越温暖了)
3、“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”表示“越…就越…”。
如:The more trees we plant, the better it will be.(我们栽的树越多,情况就会越好)
The harder you try, the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,进步就越大)
4、一般的形容词或副词的比较级前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示数量的more之前还可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等词。
如:It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多了)
Would you like some more coffee?(你还要些咖啡吗?)
He did not eat any more.(他没有再吃)
5、more than / less than分别可以理解为“多于/少于”,相当于副词,more than=over; less than=under.
如:I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在纽约生活了四个多月)
6、“one of the +最高级+名词(复数)”整个短语为单数含义,谓语要用单数形式。
如:One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一场大火中被烧毁了)
7、“Which / Who+动词+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有两个选项,形/副用比较级,如果有三个选项,形/副用最高级。
如:Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林涛和韩梅谁的书最多?)
Which is the heaviest, a pig, a horse or an elephant?(猪、马、象哪个最重?)
8、上下文中含有
both/either/neither/two/twins等表示两个事物的词时,用比较级,而且往往还要加the;含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三个或三个以上事物时,用最高级。
如: --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一点的那个你喜欢吗?一个都不喜欢)
--Which do you like best? –All of them!(你最喜欢哪个?全部。)